Religion, in the sense of a set of beliefs and practices that give meaning to life and a basis for moral judgment, is a worldwide phenomenon. Despite the fact that the world’s major religions differ from each other, they all have some things in common. They include an object of devotion, rituals, social norms governing personal conduct and interaction, and a belief in something that is not readily explicable or quantified. They all entail the recognition of something transcendent, a spiritual or divine force that gives life a purpose and significance and provides an ultimate goal for life. Religion also tends to reinforce social solidarity, promote physical and psychological well-being, and encourage involvement in work for positive social change.
Religious faiths have a unique capacity to bring people together, and they have been instrumental in tackling some of the world’s most difficult problems. Studies have linked religious engagement to reduced levels of violence, child abuse, family dissolution, drugs and alcohol use, criminal behavior, out-of-wedlock births, depression, mental illness, prejudice, and other social ills. They have also been credited with improving mental and physical health, including increased longevity and improved chances of recovery from chronic illnesses.
Various attempts have been made to define religion, either substantively or functionally, and there is no one-size-fits-all definition. The functional approach is exemplified by Durkheim’s definition, which turns on the social function of creating solidarity. The more substantive approach is exemplified by Paul Tillich’s definition, which turns on the axiological function of providing orientation for one’s values.
There is no doubt that most religions have a profound impact on the lives of people around the world. It is not possible to live in a modern, democratic country and not be religiously active. Even if the majority of a society no longer adheres to the traditional faiths, they all retain an underlying spirituality that is still present in their daily lives and their public life.
The subjective side of religion is essentially an affair of the will, an attempt by man to acknowledge his dependence on God and to worship him as the source of his existence and happiness. The emotions evoked by this recognition are hope, confidence, joy, love, patience, humility and the intention of amending one’s ways.
Symbolic interaction is an important feature of religious life, and this is illustrated by the way in which all religions include religious rituals and ceremonies. These can involve a great variety of emotional and psychological experiences, from crying to laughing, trancelike states, a feeling of being one with others, and so on. They are designed to make the underlying reality more vivid and accessible, and they are intended to be powerfully moving. In addition, the social aspect of religion is reflected in the fact that most people are members of a church or other religious community. This community helps to establish core values, promotes social cohesion, and teaches its members about the meaning of life. It also provides a framework for dealing with difficult situations and coping with loss.